We have also devised potential evasion techniques that may be adopted to circumvent our approach and proposed a heuristic to strengthen the effectiveness of our solution against more elaborated attacks. This confirms the viability of our approach in practical scenarios. We have successfully evaluated the underlying technique against the most common free keyloggers. We have prototyped our technique as an unprivileged application, hence matching the same ease of deployment of a keylogger executing in unprivileged mode.
Leveraging this characteristic, we propose a new detection technique that simulates carefully crafted keystroke sequences in input and observes the behavior of the keylogger in output to unambiguously identify it among all the running processes. The ability to run in unprivileged mode facilitates their implementation and distribution, but,at the same time, allows one to understand and model their behavior in detail. One of the main reasons for this rapid growth is the possibility for unprivileged programs running in user space to eavesdrop and record all thekeystrokes typed by the users of a system.
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Such an understanding also informs Android developers how to protect this screenshot capability, should they consider providing an interface to let third-party developers use it in the future. We show that this can be done efficiently by leveraging the unique design of smartphone user interfaces and its public resources. To understand the threat, we built Screenmilker, an app that can detect the right moment to monitor the screen and pick up a user's password when she is typing in real time. With this exposure, a malicious app can be built to stealthily and intelligently collect sensitive user data through screenshots. We found that all such apps in the market inadvertently expose this ADB capability to any party with the INTERNET permission on the same device.
A prominent example we investigated is the apps that perform programmatic screenshots, a much-needed capability Android fails to support. However, we found that such ADB-level capabilities are not well guarded by Android. Apps adopting this solution have combined tens of millions of downloads on Google Play. A typical way to do that is using the Android Debug Bridge (ADB), a developer tool that has been granted permissions to use critical system resources. As a result, people have to seek ways to obtain the permissions not directly offered to ordinary users.
With the rapid increase in Android device popularity, the capabilities that the diverse user base demands from Android have significantly exceeded its original design.
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